LOAD MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

ABSTRACT

LOAD MANAGEMENT SYSTEM is used for the implementation of different strategies to encourage residential users to reduce the electricity bills as well as energy demand. The close relationship between the consumer and utility for equally benefiting to both in terms of grid stability and bill reduction.
Nowadays in order to make practical implementation on the possible use of different HEMS (Home Energy Management systems ) strategies to regulate the energy demand and emission reduction in the World. An automation system controlling and energy-saving household energy is proposed.
It consists in computing the starting times of specific services and the set points of others while satisfying the maximally available power requirement and taking into account user comfort criteria. The objective is to maximize user comfort and minimize energy costs. Users can also monitor and control the System’s status via special-purpose Mobile Application.

LOAD MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Load Management Systems has been in use in the Energy sector for a long time. The basic function of Load Management Systems has been to control the flow and use of power in transmission or a distribution network. 
Home Energy Management systems (HEMS) has been developed and implemented for residential and commercial customers. Although the appliances available are energy efficient. it is not enough to save energy. These appliances need to be controlled, energy-saving, and switching times can be controlled using HEMS.

A fully developed HEMS considers and identifies the customer's priorities and receives dynamic pricing from the utility. Using this data and the customer’s usage patterns the HEMS will schedule an optimal running time for various loads of the customer.
HEMS uses a combination of various hardware, software, and measuring devices to help the customer reduce its energy bills. It can be said that HEMS enables the bidirectional flow of electricity and communication for which it uses various ICT (Information and communication technologies) to achieve a bidirectional flow of communication between the customer and utility.

Aims and Objectives 

Hare the major Aims of  LOAD MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

1. Electricity management allows consumers to reduce consumption of electricity during peak usage times (peak shaving), which can, in turn, reduce costs by eliminating the excess amount of energy.
2. We model a multi-carrier energy home with a residential energy hub framework.
3. An optimization problem is proposed to manage the home load in the hub.
4. Home electrical demand shifts to low tariff and low demand hours by applying HEMS.
5. Home load management (HEMS) leads to lower customer payment costs.
6. The home loan can be monitored or controlled by a mobile app via the internet.

Objectives

Here are the major objectives LOAD MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

1. The presented algorithm manages power consumption by assigning the residential load according to utility power supply events.
2. The major objective of this work is to study the Home Energy Management System based approaches. which could be helpful in electricity demand reduction at the electricity distribution network. which is directly connected to the commercial and residential side.
3. Interfacing of  Arduino Mega 2560, PIR, Voltage, Current Sensors, and Relays with Loads.
4. Generating signals wirelessly to the IP address.

What is HEMS

The HEMS is a device that is installed for the residential customer i.e. the customer’s home to help the customer monitor his energy usage which can help the customer reduce his energy consumption ultimately reducing the energy bills of the customer.

A Home Energy Management system HEMS can provide the automatic interface with customer needs to manage their energy consumption typically in a residential load. HEMS allows a customer to openly communicate with the utility. Hence by installing a system that can be programmed to identify a family’s energy consumption, schedule one can save a considerable amount on the energy bills.

Home Energy Management System can also help to manage energy consumption when the customer is away from his home using various communication technologies. 

HEMS Use For Smart Homes

A smart home is an application of smart technologies in residential buildings that can provide many opportunities for energy saving and the simultaneous reduction of greenhouse gas emission and energy consumption. Smart homes not only provide electrical energy savings, but also result in several benefits, such as security, increased comfort level, and improved home automation and energy management. 

Several enabling smart technologies result in the integration of intelligent HEMS with various functions inside homes, such as automatic control, connection to the utility by a smart meter, and minimized energy consumption with smart technologies, customers can control household appliances, optimize electricity consumption, and set a schedule for household appliances during critical peak hours based on the DR signals.

Applications of Smart Technologies for Intelligent HEMS 2020

Intelligent methods have been used by HEMS to minimize the cost of energy consumption using real-time control, stochastic scheduling, and real-time monitoring.

In real-time control, HEMS controls the selected devices. In stochastic scheduling, stochastic dynamic programming is used to compute the total cost of energy consumption and select a set of home devices to control. Finally, in real-time monitoring, the controllable household loads are displayed in real-time, and the loads are scheduled according to the load characteristics.

The implemented intelligent algorithm is complex, with a large computational burden and low speed. Bespoke software for the HEMS to switch devices on/off and monitor power consumption was also developed. This software runs in Linux on a Raspberry PC, and it is written in JavaScript, Python, and HTML. A graphical user interface for HEMS was designed and created on a PC via a communication protocol, which can display, process, and gather data usage power with real-time remote control on home appliances. This system aims to inform end-users regarding their energy consumption habits by relaying this information to them.

A major feature of smart technologies for HEMS is that they integrate storage and renewable energy resources into energy consumption. In an embedded system that integrates storage energy resources and PV to a smart home was developed. The system manages an intelligent home energy requirement by installing photovoltaic (PV) and batteries.

A PV generator with a grid-connected inverter is used in the HEMS, and it applies a self-learning feedback mechanism to create an intelligent power consumption management system. The interaction of PV with other smart appliances results in increased comfort, a reasonable strategy for the customer economy, and power balance.

Communication Protocols of HEMS

Various types of wireless sensor technology have been used to link home appliances with Home Energy Management systems (HEMS). Smart residential home appliances can be integrated into a wireless control network, such as ZigBee, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi, to receive signals remotely or automatically from a utility inside a smart home. Wireless communication between a PC and a smart outlet is the key to intelligent home automation and building control.
Information and communication technologies are essential in Home Energy Management systems (HEMS) for designing an optimal scheduling controller and strategies for energy management. An intelligent Home Energy Management system (HEMS) using ZigBee based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard has been developed to provide intelligent services for customers with air-conditioning systems, heating, and two-way communication networks. 
A wireless communication platform-based protection and monitoring system for residential buildings was developed using a ZigBee wireless sensor. An intelligent cloud Home Energy Management systems (HEMS) using ZigBee communication was used for intelligent power, monitoring devices, and intelligent cloud management servers in the smart homes.
 The system can reduce the average total power consumption by 7.3 %. A ZigBee wireless sensor based on Home Energy Management systems (HEMS) that monitors the energy consumption of residential loads and lights was also designed. Home Energy Management systems (HEMS) gather the energy consumption data for each home appliance and control the load via scheduling to reduce energy cost.
A novel energy management approach based on low energy Bluetooth for communication between home appliances in Home Energy Management systems (HEMS) was developed.
Simulation results showed that the proposed approach is effective in minimizing peak load demand and electricity bills. The ability of Bluetooth is limited due to different factors. such as high complexity, low communication range, limited network size, and power consumption exceeding that of ZigBee technology.
Developments in information and communication technology, such as power line communication, wireless sensor networks, and Wi-Fi, have exponentially improved home energy management evolution. Nevertheless, Wi-Fi consumes additional power, thereby making it expensive in a complex infrastructure where it needs additional components, such as routers, in the network.
A low-cost and efficient solution to monitor and control residential loads using a Wi-Fi smart plug was proposed. Wi-Fi communication is established in the smart outlet using an IP address. An intelligent HEMS system based on a Wi-Fi sensor network was adopted to control electricity in a household.
The microcontroller-based Arduino platform and Wi-Fi network are used to monitor the power consumption of different home appliances and remotely control multiple devices to minimize energy consumption.

HOW TO MAKE LOAD MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AT HOME

Sensing devices

Various types of sensors are required in a home to detect various parameters like voltage, current, temperature, light, motion, and occupancy in a room. There are other available which have special applications for safety and health like smoke and fire sensors. Smart sensors can detect these parameters and also send the signals to the centralized system for condition monitoring, control, optimal scheduling of various appliances that are used in a home. From various studies, it has been observed that over 30 sensors are required in a typical American home to make the HEMS fully functional and add meaningful value to the saving in the amount of energy saved. 
For example, if a room is unoccupied by a person then the occupancy sensors will send a signal to the energy management system and the lights will automatically get turned off.

Measuring devices

To control and manage any parameter it is necessary to measure it hence measuring devices form an important part of HEMS. Smart meters are usually used in HEMS as they facilitate two-way communications between the utility and HEMS. Since the development and implementation of  (Advanced metering infrastructure) (AMI), it is possible to measure the detailed, time-based information. Smart meters can save readings at a frequency of an hour or less. Based on this real-time data received the HEMS can optimally schedule all the loads during the peak demand hours.

Smart Appliances

Smart appliances are appliances that are typically used in a  home i.e. Washing machine, Refrigerators, Dishwashers, Room heaters. They notify and send alert signals to the user for example they can send an alert to the user exactly when the laundry is done. It has a feature of sending alarm signals to the customer if some malfunction takes place example it will notify the user if the pressure of a refrigerator drops too low when the door is left open.

Software platform

HEMS uses a software platform to manage, optimize, and the energy consumption of the user. It performs the function of decision making based on the feedback it receives from sensors, smart meters, and appliances. The optimal scheduling of loads is also done by the software platform. We use Arduino Mega 2560 as a microcontroller and Software Platform.

Block Diagram

Hardware last 

We use various types of sensors as necessary a requirement for LOAD MANAGEMENT SYSTEM.

1. ACS712
2. Voltage Sensor
3. PIR Sensor
4. Snubber Circuit
5. Digital Humidity and Temperature Sensor
6. Wi-Fi Module (ESP8266)
7. Relays
8. Load 

Advantages of LOAD MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

LOAD MANAGEMENT SYSTEM has many advantages some of them are given below:

1. Accurate load management during peak periods designed based on the house requirements.
2. Real-time monitoring of the portion’s or room’s performance,
3. Intelligent alarming capabilities for early power quality problems.
4. Energy management.
5. Power system efficiency.
6. Continuous monitoring for the power quality
7. Load control and management with proper methodology.
8. Keep the consumption with the contracted limit.
9. Fault diagnosis and alarming.

Conclusion

The load management system enriches energy saving without any adding expensive equipment or annoying the connivance of home residents. In countries like Pakistan and many other countries, the conventional national grid is still being used without any ability to control the consumer’s home appliances. The proposed SHEMS in this research help to provide a suitable method to add an adaptive method for saving energy up to 28%. The system was designed using the cheapest technology with a simple architecture.